Stokes漂流对全球海表面温度模拟的影响     

肖林  史剑  蒋国荣  刘子龙  张成成 《海洋通报》2018,(1):55-87

Stokes漂流对海洋上混合层中的流场和温度场结构具有不可忽视的作用。本文基于WAVEWATCHⅢ海浪模式模拟的海浪要素计算得到Stokes漂流,将其引入SBPOM模式的动量方程中,从体积输运的角度研究Stokes漂流对全球海表面温度的影响。分析发现Stokes漂流与Stokes输运在全球呈现高纬度强于中低纬度的带状分布特征,且这种流动与输运对全球海表面温度具有降温作用,该降温作用的分布与全球Stokes输运强度相对应,高纬降温作用大于中低纬度,特别是南极绕极流海域平均降温明显大于其余海域,最大降温可达1.5℃,且全球月平均降温超过0.1℃。  相似文献   

Estimating aboveground biomass using Pléiades satellite image in a karst watershed of Guizhou Province,Southwestern China     

Yin-ming Guo  Jian Ni  Li-bin Liu  Chun-zi Guo  Xin Xu  Qiao-lian Zhong 《山地科学学报》2018,15(5):1020-1034

Biomass in karst terrain has rarely been measured because the steep mountainous limestone terrain has limited the ability to sample woody plants.Satellite observation, especially at high spatial resolution, is an important surrogate for the quantification of the biomass of karst forests and shrublands. In this study, an artificial neural network(ANN) model was built using Pléiades satellite imagery and field biomass measurements to estimate the aboveground biomass(AGB) in the Houzhai River Watershed, which is a typical plateau karst basin in Central Guizhou Province, Southwestern China. A back-propagation ANN model was also developed.Seven vegetation indices, two spectral bands of Pléiades imagery, one geomorphological parameter,and land use/land cover were selected as model inputs. AGB was chosen as an output. The AGB estimated by the allometric functions in 78 quadrats was utilized as training data(54 quadrats, 70%),validation data(12 quadrats, 15%), and testing data(12 quadrats, 15%). Data-model comparison showed that the ANN model performed well with an absolute root mean square error of 11.85 t/ha, which was 9.88%of the average AGB. Based on the newly developed ANN model, an AGB map of the Houzhai River Watershed was produced. The average predicted AGB of the secondary evergreen and deciduous broadleaved mixed forest, which is the dominant forest type in the watershed, was 120.57 t/ha. The average AGBs of the large distributed shrubland,tussock, and farmland were 38.27, 9.76, and 11.69 t/ha, respectively. The spatial distribution pattern ofthe AGB estimated by the new ANN model in the karst basin was consistent with that of the field investigation. The model can be used to estimate the regional AGB of karst landscapes that are distributed widely over the Yun-Gui Plateau.  相似文献   

北极快速变化的生态环境响应   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

陈建芳  金海燕  白有成  庄燕培  李宏亮  李杨杰  任健 《海洋学报》2018,40(10):22-31

北冰洋由于其特殊的地理位置，成为全球变化响应最为敏感的地区。本文聚焦北极海冰变化幅度最大的西北冰洋，从营养盐、叶绿素、浮游植物群落和沉积碳埋藏等变化来讨论海洋生态环境对北极快速变化的响应。尽管太平洋北向流和北极周边河流输入加强可以增加西北冰洋上层营养盐储库，但由于夏季硅藻旺发向沉积物迁出大量生源元素，使得上层营养盐相对亏损，部分海域存在显著的氮限制和硅限制。随海冰减退，尽管夏末海盆区浮游植物呈现小型化趋势，但西北冰洋总体上浮游植物现存量和初级生产力呈现增高的趋势；伴随叶绿素极大层下移、北扩，以硅藻为代表的生物泵过程得以更高效的运转。在沉积物埋藏的有机碳中，除原先北冰洋生态系统占据重要比份的冰藻外，硅藻等藻类的有机碳埋藏也逐渐增加。西北冰洋海洋初级生产力的增加不仅促进了生物泵的运转和碳的埋藏，而且给海洋生态系统提供了更多的食物来源。北极海域目前已成为全球碳源汇格局变化最大、海洋生态系统改变最显著的地区之一。  相似文献   

天顶对流层产品发布时间分辨率的确定     

刘志平  朱丹彤  张秋昭  王坚 《大地测量与地球动力学》2018,38(3):299-304

IGS分析中心发布的天顶对流层产品（zenith tropospheric delay，ZTD）的时间分辨率为5 min、1 h和2 h，高时间分辨率ZTD产品能有效提高相关应用精度并拓展应用领域，但ZTD产品发布的时间分辨率作为数据资源属性缺乏规范化研究。鉴于此，首先利用历元差分和区间拟合研究ZTD产品的时变统计特征，其次利用L-S频谱分析法分析ZTD短周期特性，同时结合奇异值分解法研究不同时间分辨率ZTD数据矩阵的奇异值比特征。通过多种方法计算结果的比较，ZTD产品发布的合理时间分辨率建议为30 min。  相似文献   

Feasibility of signal enhancement with multiple grounded‐wire sources for a frequency‐domain electromagnetic survey          下载免费PDF全文

Haigen Zhou  Yao Yao  Changsheng Liu  Jun Lin  Lili Kang  Gang Li  Xinsen Zeng 《Geophysical Prospecting》2018,66(4):818-832

Frequency‐domain electromagnetic methods with a grounded‐wire source are powerful tools in geophysical exploration. However, the signal may be too weak to guarantee the quality of survey data in complex electromagnetic environments, especially when the receiver is located in the air for the newly developed grounded‐source airborne frequency‐domain electromagnetic method. In this paper, a signal enhancement method with multiple sources is proposed to solve this problem. To evaluate the signal enhancement effect, we compared the signals generated by a single source and multiple sources with equal electric moment. The signal differences caused by synchronisation error and separation distance between source elements were analysed, and the methods to achieve maximum signal were introduced. Besides, we discussed the interaction between adjacent source elements to ensure the system safety, including the changes in output current and the safe distance between two sources using a dual‐source model. Lastly, a comprehensive field experiment was designed and conducted to test the multiple‐source method. The data processing results are comparable for single and dual sources, and the signal‐to‐noise ratio of dual source is higher in the field test. The subsurface resistivity structure at the test site is consistent with the previous controlled‐source audio‐frequency magnetotellurics method. These results show that signal enhancement with multiple sources is feasible. This study provides guidance to the application of multiple sources in field surveys when the survey environment is complex and rigorous.  相似文献   

Numerical Simulation of the Vortex-Induced Vibration of A Curved Flexible Riser in Shear Flow     

Hong-jun Zhu  Peng-zhi Lin 《中国海洋工程》2018,32(3):301-311

A series of fully three-dimensional(3 D) numerical simulations of flow past a free-to-oscillate curved flexible riser in shear flow were conducted at Reynolds number of 185–1015. The numerical results obtained by the two-way fluid–structure interaction(FSI) simulations are in good agreement with the experimental results reported in the earlier study. It is further found that the frequency transition is out of phase not only in the inline(IL) and crossflow(CF) directions but also along the span direction. The mode competition leads to the non-zero nodes of the rootmean-square(RMS) amplitude and the relatively chaotic trajectories. The fluid–structure interaction is to some extent reflected by the transverse velocity of the ambient fluid, which reaches the maximum value when the riser reaches the equilibrium position. Moreover, the local maximum transverse velocities occur at the peak CF amplitudes, and the values are relatively large when the vibration is in the resonance regions. The 3 D vortex columns are shed nearly parallel to the axis of the curved flexible riser. As the local Reynolds number increases from 0 at the bottom of the riser to the maximum value at the top, the wake undergoes a transition from a two-dimensional structure to a 3 D one. More irregular small-scale vortices appeared at the wake region of the riser, undergoing large amplitude responses.  相似文献   

大别山及其周边现今垂直形变研究     

宋尚武  王庆良  郝明  周琳  刘立炜  胡亚轩 《大地测量与地球动力学》2018,38(1):32-35

基于1980年、2005年和2015年3期区域精密水准网观测资料，利用线性动态平差模型计算获取大别山地区水准网长期垂直运动速度场图像。研究发现，淮河平原地表下沉较为严重，大别山呈现弱隆升趋势运动，长江谷地边缘地区较大别山区呈现明显的隆升运动。跨郯庐断裂带水准剖面结果显示，垂直运动与地形呈负相关和弱相关。  相似文献   

联合多点地质统计学与序贯高斯模拟的随机反演方法   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

刘兴业  李景叶  陈小宏  李超  郭康康  周林 《地球物理学报》2018,61(7):2998-3007

岩相和储层物性参数是油藏表征的重要参数，地震反演是储层表征和油气藏勘探开发的重要手段.随机地震反演通常基于地质统计学理论，能够对不同类型的信息源进行综合，建立具有较高分辨率的储层模型，因而得到广泛关注.其中，概率扰动方法是一种高效的迭代随机反演策略，它能综合考虑多种约束信息，且只需要较少的迭代次数即可获得反演结果.在概率扰动的优化反演策略中，本文有效的联合多点地质统计学与序贯高斯模拟，并结合统计岩石物理理论实现随机反演.首先，通过多点地质统计学随机模拟，获得一系列等可能的岩相模型，扰动更新初始岩相模型后利用相控序贯高斯模拟建立多个储层物性参数模型；然后通过统计岩石物理理论，计算相应的弹性参数；最后，正演得到合成地震记录并与实际地震数据对比，通过概率扰动方法进行迭代，直到获得满足给定误差要求的反演结果.利用多点地质统计学，能够更好地表征储层空间特征.相控序贯高斯模拟的应用，能够有效反映不同岩相中储层物性参数的分布.提出的方法可在较少的迭代次数内同时获得具有较高分辨率的岩相和物性参数反演结果，模型测试和实际数据应用验证了方法的可行性和有效性.  相似文献   

含流体致密砂岩的纵波频散及衰减:基于双重双重孔隙结构模型描述的特征分析          下载免费PDF全文

郭梦秋  巴晶  马汝鹏  陈天胜  张琳  庞孟强  谢剑勇 《地球物理学报》2018,61(3):1053-1068

致密砂岩普遍具有低孔、低渗及微裂缝发育的地质特征，并且呈现出很强的非均匀性.致密砂岩储层与常规砂岩储层比较，具有明显的岩石物理性质、渗流力学性质方面的差异.致密砂岩内部的非均匀性对弹性波频散、衰减有显著影响，其中包括孔隙结构的非均匀性，即岩石内部孔隙参数的不均一性，以及孔隙内部不相混溶流体的非均匀分布；此外，非均匀性的尺度也决定了波出现显著频散与衰减的频段.综合考虑致密砂岩孔隙结构非均匀性及流体斑块状饱和的非均匀性，本文采用双双重孔隙介质结构模拟了致密砂岩的弹性波响应，分析了同时具备两类非均质性岩石中的波传播特征.调查分析了两组分别来自中国鄂尔多斯盆地苏里格气田及四川盆地广安气田的不同类型致密砂岩储层的岩芯超声波实验数据，给出了岩石样本的弹性波速度频散与衰减曲线.结果显示理论模型预测结果与完全饱和、部分饱和岩石的实验数据吻合良好.对两个地区致密砂岩岩芯数据进行对比分析，苏里格致密砂岩样本总体上比广安致密砂岩渗透率高，在各孔隙度范围内，特征模拟显示苏里格样本的裂隙尺寸明显大于广安样本.广安致密砂岩在低孔隙度范围内发育了更多、更小的颗粒裂隙/接触.致密砂岩的速度频散与衰减结果受流体黏度、晶体破裂及流体斑块状饱和的共同影响.此外，孔隙度越大，部分饱和岩石中斑块状饱和机制对总衰减的贡献越低，与之相对，结构非均质性所占的比重则有所增强.  相似文献   

A method for uncertainty constraint of catchment discharge and phosphorus load estimates          下载免费PDF全文

Michael J. Hollaway  Keith J. Beven  Clare Mc W. H. Benskin  Adrian L. Collins  Robert Evans  Peter D. Falloon  Kirsty J. Forber  Kevin M. Hiscock  Ron Kahana  Christopher J. A. Macleod  Mary C. Ockenden  Martha L. Villamizar  Catherine Wearing  Paul J. A. Withers  Jian G. Zhou  Nicholas J. Barber  Philip M. Haygarth 《水文研究》2018,32(17):2779-2787

River discharge and nutrient measurements are subject to aleatory and epistemic uncertainties. In this study, we present a novel method for estimating these uncertainties in colocated discharge and phosphorus (P) measurements. The “voting point”‐based method constrains the derived stage‐discharge rating curve both on the fit to available gaugings and to the catchment water balance. This helps reduce the uncertainty beyond the range of available gaugings and during out of bank situations. In the example presented here, for the top 5% of flows, uncertainties are shown to be 139% using a traditional power law fit, compared with 40% when using our updated “voting point” method. Furthermore, the method is extended to in situ and lab analysed nutrient concentration data pairings, with lower uncertainties (81%) shown for high concentrations (top 5%) than when a traditional regression is applied (102%). Overall, for both discharge and nutrient data, the method presented goes some way to accounting for epistemic uncertainties associated with nonstationary physical characteristics of the monitoring site.  相似文献